IGCSE Sociology Unit 2 – Culture, identity and Socialization Practice Test

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• Which idea refers to the ways in which societies and their institutions remain stable over time?
• A sub-culture of adolescents or young adults that is usually distinguishable by their style, dress and musical preference.
• Which of the following best exemplifies deterrence in a non-criminal context?
• Which statement best describes how class and religion interact to shape identity?
• How does media literacy relate to understanding culture and identity?
• What term refers to age-based groups sharing similar status and roles?
• How does language contribute to cultural identity?
• How do subcultures resist or accommodate dominant culture?
• What is cultural capital and who coined the term?
• Which statement describes primary socialization?
• The complex process by which different cultures around the world are increasingly aware of, interact with and influence each other.
• Culture shock is best described as which of the following?
• General agreement across a society on a set of values.
• When socialization is incomplete or ineffective.
• What is the term for the influence that a peer group has to force or persuade its members to conform to norms and values?
• Which term refers to supposed biological differences between different groups of people?
• Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status?
• Which type of deterrence is aimed at preventing a particular individual from reoffending?
• Which statement about deterrence is often debated in sociology?
• Standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behavior is right or wrong.
• Social control imposed by a person or organization who has the authority to implement rules or laws.
• Which statement best describes the effect of globalization and media on contemporary culture?
• Which term describes belonging to the age group of those advanced in years?
• What does intersectionality help explain about social advantage and disadvantage?
• A position that someone has in a society; which can be ascribed or achieved.
• A position that someone has in a society; which can be ascribed (fixed by others) or achieved.
• Which statement best distinguishes high culture from popular culture?
• What is one effect of globalization and media on contemporary culture?
• Which of the following lists are common agents of socialization?
• In what way can stereotypes lead to bias?
• A society in which children are highly valued and a lot of time and effort are devoted to their well-being?
• Which concept describes general agreement across a society on a set of values?
• How do values, norms, and sanctions differ?
• Which statement best distinguishes culture from society?
• When pupils learn in schools apart from the content of lessons, such as the importance of following rules and the consequences of not doing so.
• Which of the following best illustrates deterrence by punishment?
• Which term refers to the system of expectations and duties assigned to a person based on their status?
• What role do agents of socialization generally include?
• What is one key effect of cultural capital on social advantage?
• Non-material culture includes which components?
• Which concept explains the stability of a society's large institutions over time?
• A key assumption of deterrence theory is that people weigh perceived costs and benefits before deciding to commit a crime.
• The roles and expectations associated with being male or female (the way society says you should act according to your sex).
• The period before adulthood, in which individuals are not granted full adult rights.
• Which statement best describes informal social control mechanisms?
• Which term refers to the social category of being male or female as defined by society?
• How can education challenge inequality?
• Why are media representations important for identity formation?
• Which mechanisms sustain the transmission of culture across generations?
• Which concept refers to a set of ideas about social order created by people rather than discovered?
• Role of education in reproducing or challenging social inequality.
• What is the role of family in socializing gender roles?
• In schools, what does the term hidden curriculum refer to?
• Which term refers to the wide differences between human cultures?
• What is the hidden curriculum in schooling?
• The stage of development between childhood and adulthood is called?
• Where does socialization primarily occur?
• 'Wild' children who have not been socialized.
• Which concept refers to parts of society that have their own norms and values, such as the family and the school system?
• Cultural diffusion refers to which of the following?
• Rules that are given force by being formalized by governments.
• Which term describes a society formed by multiple cultures living side by side within a shared political framework?
• What is the difference between individual and collective identity?
• Which term denotes the first and most important period of socialization during which basic norms are learned?
• Which term refers to the idea that globalization leads to a single culture shared worldwide?
• The social construction of reality suggests our perceptions are shaped by social processes. Which example illustrates this concept?
• How does peer pressure influence adolescent identity?
• The typical way of life of an individual, group or culture.
• Later socialization, usually involving learning more specific norms for particular statuses and roles, reinforcing what is learnt in the primary stage. Normally thought to start from the age of approximately 5 years. It's a lifelong process.
• Ways of controlling behavior imposed by people without a formal role to do (such as family, education system, media and peers).
• How do rituals contribute to social cohesion?
• Ethnocentrism is the practice of...
• Which statement best captures a limitation of deterrence theory?
• Which elements contribute to national identity?
• What is informal social control and its mechanisms?
• When someone finds that the demands of two or more of their roles clash with each other.
• In evaluating deterrence, researchers emphasize that punishment must be swift, certain, and proportional.
• The attributes that people think characterize a group, often wrongly.
• How does ethnicity form part of cultural identity?
• A group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values.
• Which concept refers to the nonformal, everyday means by which society regulates behavior?
• Which term describes a group within a larger culture with its own distinctive norms and values?
• What is a formal sanction? Provide examples in daily life.
• Compare duration and impact of primary vs secondary socialization on identity.
• An ethnic group relatively small in number compared with the majority is called what?
• How can globalization lead to cultural hybridization?
• Which statement best describes deterrence in sociology?
• Which term refers to formal rules enacted by the state to regulate behavior?
• Which term describes a society in which many different cultures or sub-cultures exist alongside each other?
• Which statement best summarizes how culture through socialization shapes identity?
• Which term refers to the standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behavior is right or wrong?
• What term describes the way of life of a society, including language, beliefs, values, customs, and roles?
• What are the norms in a society that are widely accepted and carry on across generations?
• Which term refers to people of the same status, such as the same age or the same job?
• General deterrence differs from specific deterrence in that general deterrence is aimed at deterring the public from committing crimes.
• Where does primary socialization primarily occur?
• Acting according to norms and social expectations (change of behavior or belief in order to fit in with a group/society).
• Why is it important to study socialization across the life course?
• Which concept involves using rewards or punishments to regulate behavior in a society?
• Which concept describes a society that prioritizes children's well-being?
• How can cultural identities be intersectional?
• Explain how stereotypes influence socialization and identity.
• Which term describes a positive sanction given for good behavior?
• Which statement best explains why gender socialization occurs in many cultures?
• Being male or female (based on biological indicators such as XX and XY chromosomes).
• What is the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures?
• Which form of deterrence uses the threat of punishment to prevent future offenses by the individual offender?
• What is social identity theory and its implications for group behavior?
• Ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptable behavior, but usually used in the sense of punishment (negative).
• Define patriarchy and explain its relevance to gender socialization.
• Considering all cultures on their own terms rather than from a Western point of view.
• Ascribed vs achieved status with school examples.
• What is the term for the use or threat of force to make someone conform to norms?
• Young children learning by copying the behavior of others.
• What term means evaluating cultures on their own context?
• Consists of different ways and agents in order to make members of society conform to norms and values.
• The idea that people construct (i.e., create, make, invent) their understandings of the world and the meanings they give to social situations and events. They do not exist in nature as independent things. (Example: money, gender, culture,...)
• How do religious beliefs function as agents of socialization?
• What does consumer culture emphasize about identity?
• Which term describes individuals' perception of themselves based partly on how others view them, often tied to social roles or groups they belong to?
• How does socialization relate to role theory?
• A criticism of deterrence claims is that it may overlook root causes like poverty and inequality.
• In the nature-nurture debate, which factor refers to the influence of biology on behavior?
• How parents and others encourage some behavior and discourage other behavior.
• Which term refers to social control enforced by the police, courts, or military?
• In what ways can identity be both stable and fluid in contemporary society?
• Cultural relativism helps avoid ethnocentrism by...
• Which term describes children learning by copying others' actions?
• Which concept describes the process by which individuals adapt their behavior to align with group expectations?
• Which term describes a smaller ethnic group within a larger society?
• In deterrence theory, what is 'certainty' of punishment?
• The use or threat of force to make someone conform to norms and values in society.
• Which influence occurs when peers encourage individuals to conform to a group's norms and values?
• What is the difference between sex and gender?
• The expected behavior associated with being male.
• Which term best describes the variety of cultures within a society?
• Which term describes the classification of people into upper, middle, and working class?
• What is cultural lag?
• What is the difference between cultural diffusion and acculturation?
• Which term describes the period of growing up between childhood and adulthood?
• An example of specific deterrence would be a sentence designed to ...
• How do peer groups influence identity formation during adolescence?
• Gender socialization in different cultural contexts.
• Acculturation occurs due to contact with another culture or immigration. Which statement best describes this process?
• Which term best describes the spread of cultures through global contact?
• Which factor refers to the influence of society and culture on human behavior in the nature/nurture debate?
• Which Of The Following Is A Potential Benefit Of Deterrence, Rather Than A Critique?
• Behavior that is expected of someone because of their status in society.
• What term describes the behavior that societies expect of their members in particular situations?
• Which term describes the patterns of behavior that are expected of females in a society?
• Cultural diffusion can alter identities by blending customs, foods, and languages.
• Which term describes discouraging actions by instilling fear of punishment?
• The first and most important period of socialization in which the individual learns the basic norms of behavior is called what?
• Explain cultural transmission through childhood socialization in non-Western contexts.
• What is the role of peer groups in identity formation?
• Excluding someone from the community or group is called what?
• Which of the following is an example of a subculture?
• Which of the following best describes subcultures and countercultures?
• What are the main agents of socialization in schools?
• What is cultural relativism?
• What term describes any situation in which two or more people have social contact with each other?
• What is a hallmark of primary socialization?
• In role theory, what guides an individual's actions within a social position?
• Which term describes the state of being accepted by culture as a full member?
• Which term best describes the process by which children are guided into activities believed appropriate for their gender?
• Statements that people hold to be true, (no need for proof)
• Which pair illustrates high culture and popular culture?
• Which statement best describes sanctions?
• Which term denotes the set of routines and practices that characterizes a group beyond explicit norms?
• Which of the following is an example of a national symbol used to evoke identity?
• A form of social stratification in which people are grouped at different levels in the social hierarchy, the most common of which are the upper, middle and working class.
• Refers to cultural differences such as language and religion as well as place of origin.
• Acting as an example so that this behavior is copied by others.
• How do formal sanctions differ from informal social controls?
• The expected behavior associated with being female.
• Channelling children towards activities considered appropriate for them because of gender?
• What term denotes a positive sanction that praises or improves someone's situation?
• What is a key difference between individual and collective identity?